Kkk essay

Kkk essay

Works Cited Evans, William McKee. Southern Charm The Birth of Words: Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper : References Du Bois, W. The organization grew to become a major factor in the fight for African-Americans to gain real social equity with Kkk essay. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, kkk essay. Their nightly rides, in which members disguised themselves in masks and flowing robes, soon became a political kkk essay to the prewar slave patrols in controlling newly freed blacks.

Essay title: Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan is a native-born American racist kkk essay organization that helped overthrow Republican Reconstruction governments in the South after the Civil War and drive black people out of politics. It revived in the 20th Century as a social lodge and briefly became a nationwide political power. During the s, the Klan fought the Civil Rights Movement in the South. Under attack in state and federal courts, kkk essay, in a racially changed and disapproving South, the Klan hangs on —marginally, but still violent. In the summer kkk essaysix young ex-Confederate officers organized a social club.

Drawing on their college Greek, they adopted the term for circle, "kuklos. Their nightly rides, in which members disguised themselves in masks and flowing robes, soon became a political successor to the prewar slave patrols in controlling newly freed blacks. Particularly across the upper South, Klansmen sought to overturn the new Republican state governments, kkk essay, drive black men out of politics, control black labor, kkk essay, and restore black subordination. Led by elites and drawing on a cross-section of white male society, the Klan's assaults and murders numbered in the thousands.

Similar organizations such as the Knights of the White Camelia in Louisiana copied the Klan. In kkk essay organizing meeting at the Maxwell House in Nashville, ex-Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest became grand kkk essay, and other generals served as state grand dragons. But in fact, the Klan was decentralized and local; each state and community had its kkk essay violent story. Bykkk essay, the Klan had helped terrorize black voters and overturn elected Republican governments in the Deep South. In andthe Radical Republicans struck back in Congress, passing the Enforcement and Ku Klux Klan Acts aimed at protecting the rights of blacks, and a Joint Select Committee issued a volume report on its hearings on Klan violence.

President Ulysses S. Grant suspended habeas corpus in nine South Carolina counties, and convictions in South Carolina and Mississippi helped bring a decline in violence. But Reconstruction was in retreat; when the Supreme Court ruled in that Congress lacked the authority to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, the national government effectively abandoned its efforts to protect Negro rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. Having helped restore white Democratic political power in the South, the Klan had finished its work. In white Southern legend, the Klan was enshrined as the savior of a downtrodden white people from what they saw as the fearful disorder of black equality.

In the early twentieth century, the story of the post-Civil War Klan was carried in the history books, and, most famously, in Thomas Dixon's romanticized racist novel The Clansman, on which D. Griffith based his epic motion kkk essay, "The Birth of a Nation. Simmons of Atlanta, a former Methodist minister and salesman, initiated a small group of Klansmen in kkk essay of a blazing cross on top of nearby Stone Mountain. Simmons' reborn Klan would become the great fraternal lodge of the s and the political engine of native-born, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, American nationalism. But it had only local success until after World War I, when Simmons hired a dynamic PR man, kkk essay, Edward Young Kkk essay, who saw the Klan's possibilities.

Soon the Klan was no longer narrowly Southern; law and order, prohibition and anti-Catholicism were added to its white supremacist beliefs, and it enrolled millions of Klansmen and Klanswomen. The aura of violence was part of the initial appeal — when you put on your robes, you were a warrior. In the early years there were kkk essay of kidnappings and beatings in the South and Southwest, and outbreaks and episodes elsewhere. Often the victims of the Klan were not blacks, Catholics, Jews or new immigrants, but fellow white native-born Protestants kkk essay offended the Klan in some way, kkk essay. Between four million and seven million men and women belonged to the Klan in this era, kkk essay. It was active in every state. It found support in many northern and western cities and was particularly politically powerful in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, kkk essay, Colorado, and Oregon, as well as the South.

The Klan helped elect state and local officials and at least 20 governors and U. senators — from Maine to California. In Oregon, a Klan-dominated legislature passed an anti-Catholic school law, later overturned by the U. Supreme Court Pierce v. Society of Sisters,that required public school attendance. The Klan was kkk essay involved in politics, but it did not form its own political party. It was generally Democratic in the South and Republican in the North. It had no national platform. The Klan was a major issue at the Democratic Convention and the national election; in the presidential election, when New York Catholic Al Smith was the Democratic candidate, it helped the Republicans win.

The Klan came to town bringing social excitement, Protestant morality, and reform. Prohibition was the great crusade, corrupt political machines were a kkk essay issue, and Catholicism was held up as the leading conspiratorial threat to a Protestant Anglo-Saxon America. However, the Klan always produced opposition and its reputation was soon tarnished. Scandal, corruption and struggles over power and money proved ruinous in every state, and the Roman Catholic threat illusionary. Growing numbers of people came to believe that the Klan was a civic disaster, and it very rapidly declined. In the s, the Klan had no response to the Kkk essay Depression, though it lingered, kkk essay, violently, in the Southeast — principally Georgia, Alabama and Florida — as an enemy of blacks and labor unions.

Inkkk essay, James Colescott became Imperial Wizard. An attempted merger with the German-American Bund proved to be a poor public-relations choice, kkk essay. Kkk essay World War II, gas rationing, and a large bill for back taxes, Colescott formally closed down the Klan. Revived in the Southeast after the war by Atlanta obstetrician Samuel Green, kkk essay, the Klan was kkk essay working-class and anti-black. Green died of a heart attack inand the Klan fragmented. It was dangerous, but not going anywhere. Dynamite was its prime weapon. The Supreme Court's ruling that public school segregation was unconstitutional gave the Klan a tremendous boost. When the Civil Rights Movement flowered in the Deep South in the s, the Klan was there to meet it.

Its members kkk essay what initially amounted to general immunity from arrest, prosecution and conviction. Many police officers were members. But the Klan's violence in Alabama and Mississippi, covered prominently by newspapers and television, produced a backlash of kkk essay own in the form of a heightened determination and activism among the young, kkk essay, and eventually a vigorous response from the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Kkk essay reaction to Klan violence helped produce the Public Accommodations and Voting Civil Rights Laws and turned the reluctant FBI into an effective Klan investigating force.

Fear of Klan-produced anarchy and rumors of the possible use of federal troops helped the Mississippi establishment to minimally come to terms with the civil rights revolution, kkk essay. Initially, even the passage of the major civil rights bills provided no protection against the Klan kkk essay or the police. The killers of Viola Liuzzo on the road back to Kkk essay, Ala. Lemuel Penn on kkk essay highway near Athens, Ga. The killing of Mickey Schwerner, Ben Chaney, and Andrew Goodman in Philadelphia, Miss. The bombers of Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church and the murderers of Medgar Evers and Vernon Dahmer, among others, walked free.

The best the federal courts could do was send the Liuzzo, Penn, and Philadelphia, Miss. The U. Department of Justice asked the Supreme Court for a reinterpretation of the 14th Amendment and the Reconstruction Era civil rights laws. Guestthe court broadened the federal power to protect civil rights and suggested that the Congress pass more protective law — which it did in In the changing social environment, the Klan was in for more trouble. Morris Dees and the Southern Poverty Law Center, in Montgomery, Ala. And in the politically changing South, solid murder cases were eventually assembled in state courts against the Birmingham Church bombers and the murderers of Evers and Dahmer.

In41 years after the murders, Mississippi finished off the Philadelphia Klan trials with the conviction of Edgar Ray Killen, kkk essay. In the new century, Mississippi Klansmen were also convicted and received life sentences for the less publicized s murders of Ben Chester White, Henry Dee, and Charles Moore. Though greatly weakened, Klan fragments hang on into the 21st century, sharing the anti-Semitism, anti-Latino and other ideologies of the Aryan Nations, kkk essay, Christian Identity, kkk essay, neo-Nazis and other violent organizations of the extreme right. Individual Klansmen still commit acts of intimidation and violence.

Without funds, kkk essay, ideas, kkk essay leadership, and with only scattered membership, the Klan nonetheless remains the historic symbol of racist terrorism. Search splcenter, kkk essay. January 26, David Chalmers.

cultural assimilation essay

It often uses violence to achieve its aims. Klan members wear robes and hoods, and burn crosses at their outdoor meetings. They also burn crosses to frighten nonmembers. The KKK has had four major periods of activity: 1 the mid's to the early 's, 2 to , 3 the late 's to the early 's, and 4 since the mid's. Birth of the Klan. The KKK was formed as a social club by a group of Confederate Army veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, in or Nathan Bedford Forrest, a former Confederate general, was the Klan's first leader, called the Grand Wizard. The group took its name from the Greek word kuklos, meaning circle, and the English word clan. Klan members, who believed in the superiority of whites, soon began to terrorize blacks to keep them from voting or exercising the other rights they had gained during Reconstruction, the period following the end of the American Civil War in The Klan threatened, beat, and murdered many blacks and their white sympathizers in the South.

php who. Ku Klux Klan. The Knights Party: Platform. Limbaugh, Rush. Liberalism Has Failed Inner Cities. The Rush Limbaugh Show. O rother, Where Art Thou? Homer in Hollywood: The Coen rothers' O rother, Where Art Thou? Could a Hollywood filmmaker adapt Homer's Odyssey for the screen in the same way that James Joyce did for the Modernist novel? The idea of a high-art film adaptation of the Odyssey is actually at the center of the plot of Jean-Luc Godard's film Contempt, and the Alberto Moravia novel on which Godard's film is based. In Contempt, Prokosch, a rich American dilettante film producer played by Jack Palance, hires Fritz Lang to film a version of Homer's Odyssey, then hires a screenwriter to write it and promptly ruins his marriage to rigitte ardot.

Fritz Lang gamely plays himself -- joining the ranks of fellow "arty" German-born directors who had earlier deigned to act before the camera like Erich von Stroheim in Wilder's Sunset oulevard, playing a former director not unlike himself, or…. Bibliography Peter Biskind, Easy Riders, Raging Bulls How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock'N'Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. New York: Simon and Schuster, Cavell, Stanley. Pursuits of Happiness: the Hollywood Comedy of Remarriage. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Connors, Catherine. Petronius the Poet: Verse and Literary Tradition in the Satyricon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Doom, Ryan P. The Brothers Coen: Unique Characters of Violence. Tucker, deputy sheriff of said county, from giving and securing to the said Robert R.

Smith and others, naming them, the due and equal protection of the laws of said state, in this, to-wit, that at and before the entering into said conspiracy, the said Robert R. Smith and others, naming them, were held in the custody of said deputy sheriff by virtue of certain warrants duly issued against them, to answer certain criminal charges, and it thereby became and was the duty of said deputy sheriff to safely keep in his custody the said Robert R. Smith and others while so under arrest, and then and there give and secure to them the equal protection of the laws of the State of Tennessee, and that the defendants did then and there conspire together for the purpose of preventing and hindering the said deputy sheriff from then and there safely….

Bibliography Brittanica. Cannaday, M. Harris, AKA the Ku Klux Klan Case. Harris Terrorism Tragedies from deadly terrorist attacks have made the international communities to pervasively fear and loath terrorism. Terrorism is undertaken by individual with motivations that are complex for the understanding of security agencies and individuals. Definition according United States statutes states terrorism to be politically motivated, premeditated, violence against noncombatant individuals, private property by clandestine agents or subnational groups, with an intention to obtain audience Launtenberg, This definition is adopted for purposes of this paper.

Attempts to shed some light on terrorism highlight the motives of the perpetrators while they give some appropriate measures to resolve the problem. The organizations linked to supporting terrorism by State Department stood at 22 in the year In three years' time, the list of identified terrorist groups had grown to 36 with more groups being listed as unofficial terrorist organizations. One might mistake terrorism industry for a thriving economic entity or the…. References Launtenberg, F. Homeland Security and Fighting Terrorism. cfm McCarthy, Timothy, P.

The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition. New Press : New York. Morag, N. The Economic and Social Effects of Intensive Terrorism: Israel -- html Ridgeway, J. Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of a New White Culture. New York: Thunder's Mouth,. The USA Patriot Act: This was a law that was passed after September 11th. It is giving the police and intelligence officials the power to go after terrorists organizations easier. As it lifted various Constitutional protections when investigating these offenses. Counter Terrorism: These are the activities that: federal, state and local officials are taking to prevent future terrorist attacks.

Weapons of Mass Destruction WMD : These are weapons designed to inflict large amounts of casualties. These include: chemical, radiological, biological and nuclear. These different terms are important, because they will help to avoid confusion and will focus the reader on understanding the overall scope of the problem. Limitations of the Study The limitations of the study are that the information we are presenting, could be pointing out a number of different problems. Yet, beneath the surface they are failing to identify possible changes that could have already been implemented by federal…. Rasmussen Reports.

htm Comparative Analysis. Business Dictionary. html Jose Padilla. They also encounter a large religious group coming through the forest to be baptized at a river, sirens who supposedly "lure" Pete into lustful relations and turn him into a toad, and many other characters. They consistently have to stay one step ahead of the sheriff and his bloodhounds, and still must find a way to be pardoned at the end, or they will go back to prison. They steal cars; meet a guitar player who believes he can play the guitar because he sold his soul to the devil, and some hospitable people who help them along their journey. Most of the film involves their travels, trials, and tribulations, and it often seems as if they will never attain their goal, which is another element of an epic journey.

The search does indeed illustrate Ulysses' and many others social and religious values. Ulysses is not particularly religious, but his…. While some readers of the book accuse the authors of seeing racism around every corner, this particular book actually pinpoints so many similarities between the coming American militia and other White Supremist groups that there can be no question of its validity. If one wishes to test the thesis strength of this book one only has to research many of the militia beliefs and recent movements and hold them against former group movements like the KKK and others to see that they are scarily similar. One of the strongest examples of coming militia movements in America used in the book is the Oklahoma bombings Dees, Within the Okalahoma bombings ran a constant undercurrent of fear and anger at anything that was not white in skin color and attitude.

The fact that they were willing to bomb and kill a building that had a daycare center in it because that…. REFERENCE Dees, Morris Gathering Storm: America's Militia Threat [CLV] Hardcover DIANE Publishing Company May 1, Tulsa Race Riot: What Happened and Why In , Tulsa, Oklahoma, like many other American cities, was a hotbed of racial tension and the Ku Klux Klan was large, accepted and active in "keeping blacks in their place. Blaming these minorities for the mainstream society's problems was a simple answer to a complex problem. The brutalities that were visited upon the African-America community in Tulsa were so severe and widespread that the event should be called the "Tulsa Race assacre. Moreover, even if the charges had been true, the white community's reaction was blown so far out of proportion that it is clear that whites in Tulsa were looking for an excuse to do away with "Black Wall Street" and put the prosperous blacks "back in their place.

All of this indicates that if Rowland had not stumbled, the white community in Tulsa would have likely manufactured another reason for a race riot against the blacks in their city because of this overarching unfettered racist-based hatred. The riot's actual beginnings were also bizarre, with gunfire erupting after a group of blacks assembled at the courthouse to protect Rowland from the lynching that was clearly intended to take place that night. Although people still talk about how bad race relations are in the United States, it is apparent that the country has come a long way since whites rioted in in Tulsa and it is reasonable to suggest that no black person anywhere in the country would receive anywhere near the reaction that Rowland evoked at this time. Indeed, it was not even considered at crime at all for a white man to kill a black man during this ugly period in Tulsa's history and the city's history is replete with examples of this happening.

It was as it Tulsa existed outside of the United States and the Fourteenth Amendment entirely, existing as it were on another planet where the Constitution did not exist and human beings were judged and executed based solely on the color of their skin. Certainly, Tulsa was not alone in its treatment of blacks during this period in America's history and two blacks were being lynched somewhere in the country each week. Many legislators in Oklahoma, like several other states, were also members of the Ku Klux Klan.

Likewise, all of the elected city officials in Tulsa were elected based on their support of the Klan In this environment, although it is shocking, it is not surprising that an incident like the Tulsa Race Riot of could occur. To their credit, the state has taken steps to memorialize the incident and Tulsa has established a memorial park to the victims of the race riot near Greenwood Avenue that was dedicated in The Birth of a Nation is a bit more explicit in its message but it rings to the same tune -- southern whites are victims of the civil war, not perpetrators. Neither is an accurate portrayal of historical events but rather a symbolic representation of feelings and emotions held by whites in the pre-world war two United States.

Historical evidence proves that neither Griffith nor O'Selznick were accurate in their depiction of the civil war but they do capture the fear and xenophobia riddled throughout each decade. While Griffith took inspiration from the Clansmen, O'Selznick, a Jewish New Yorker, along with his mostly Jewish writing team, likely were not trying to rewrite history but instead speaking to their audience, understanding what they were looking for. The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind speak to an audience who's way of life had been taken away by force. Rogin, Michael. Griffith's the Birth of a Nation. Special Issue Winter : University of California Press. Change, Robert S. Harris, Warren G. Clark Gable: A Biography, Harmony, , page He writes, "In Louisiana, South Carolina, and Virginia - the home of large free black populations - men who had never known slavery dominated among econstruction officeholders.

For the South as a whole, however, the black political leadership arose out of local slave communities" Foner He shows the struggles, victories, and defeats the blacks faced, and helps the reader see why econstruction was so important to our history. He also believes that there is still a type of econstruction going on today, in other ways, which is another reason he feels it is so important. Foner's book belongs on the shelves of any reader interested in Civil War history, because he explains his ideas effectively and writes so anyone can understand his ideas and conclusions. It effectively uses illustrations to help make some of the key points, such as how blacks were viewed historically during econstruction and beyond , and….

References Foner, Eric. Discuss the use of violence in the three regions: the segregated South, the frontier West, and the industrial North. What was the purpose and how effective was the use of violence in this period? In the time frame from -- , violence within American society became very extreme. Part of the reason for this, was because there was a shift in how the federal government was enforcing the rule of law. As, many of these instances are: interrelated to one another, while at the same time they were unique in their own ways.

In the segregated South, the underlying amounts of violence were targeted directly at the blacks who were once former slaves. This was in response to the backlash that occurred in the aftermath of the Civil War. As, most people in the…. Odyssey and O' Brother In the course of human history, one of the interesting things about past literature is the way the heroic appears again and again. In fact, this appearance becomes an archetype in that we see very similar themes in literature, religion, mythology, and culture. This is perhaps because as humans we have the need to explain and explore the unknown, but also because we tend to psychologically need a guide through the complexities of life.

The idea of the hero as a role model for behavior, in fact, is so tied to human culture that one need only look at popular culture -- television and motion pictures for certain, to epitomize the need for particular story themes to remain popular. Whatever the genre -- science fiction, fantasy, western, war, even politics -- the classic nature of human values become clear when one continues to see the character…. American Myth Today. University of Virginia. htm Homer. The Odyssey. Persesus Project. However, the doctrine of "states' rights," also stemming from the Constitution, encouraged the southern states to believe that they could deal with their Negro residents as they chose, as only slavery had been specifically banned.

They began imposing more and more restrictive rules on their lack residents. The Ku Klux Klan formed after the federally managed "Reconstruction" ended. The KKK terrorized lacks who violated the views of the local Whites regarding how lacks should behave and conduct themselves. At the end of the 19th century, in the ruling Plessy vs. Ferguson p. This ruling justified all sorts of horrific practices, including segregated schools, which were separate but often not equal. Typically these schools did not have libraries, and typically the textbooks were outdated…. Bibliography PBS, no date. html Russell, Thomas D.. University of Denver College of Law.

Civil ar After the last shots of Civil ar were heard, and following the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln, the South had been humiliated and devastated. The repercussions of war included loss of life, land, and livelihood. Patriarchy and racism remained entrenched, but the emancipation of slaves significantly transformed the social landscape of the South. Liberated slaves started from scratch without access to cultural or social capital, and many eventually migrated North. African-American culture was able to emerge, and in many cases, to flourish. Meanwhile, the white power structures in the South resigned themselves to ignorance, causing the South to remain the most backwards, uneducated, and poor region of the United States for over a century.

Far from inspiring the South to transform its social, cultural, economic, and political institutions, the entrenched plantation society and Confederate identity took deep root there. Jim Crow symbolizes the extent to…. Works Cited American Civil War Center Legacies of the Civil War. aspx Blight, David W. Race and Reunion. Faust, Drew Gilpin. Mothers of Invention. University of North Carolina Press, Lincoln, Abraham. Oshinsky, "orse Than Slavery" David Oshinsky's history of "convict labor" in the Reconstruction-era American South bears the title orse Than Slavery.

The title itself raises questions about the role played by moralistic discourse in historiography, and what purpose it serves. Oshinsky certainly paints a grim picture of the systematic use of African-American prisoners at Parchman Farm -- the focus of his study -- and throughout the South after the Civil ar. I would like to examine the system that Oshinsky describes, while incidentally paying attention to the rhetoric he employs in doing so. But ultimately I wish to call attention to, and question, the validity of Oshinsky's title. The title is provocative, and therefore can only be termed responsible historiography if indeed his purpose is to provoke further questions.

Chief among these must be the question of what it actually means to declare that what he describes in the book…. Works Cited Oshinsky, David. Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York: Free Press, For example, while the initial confrontation was only between small groups of individuals, the sheriff of the town began to deputize hundreds of white men because of alleged possible retaliation from the black community. This led to a situation where large numbers of racist and rightwing members of the community were given the authority and the legal right to carry arms and continue the violence.

The results of the horrendous violence that ensued were that between one-hundred and three hundred Black people were killed. Damage to the community was devastating. The Entire block Greenwood District was basically destroyed. More than ten-thousand people were left homeless after the incident. Furthermore, the Tulsa Star and the Oklahoma Sun, two Black newspapers were totally destroyed, as well as the library and six churches. Many private properties, including the offices of professionals such as lawyers and doctors, were also destroyed in the day of…. References OXMAN S. The Tulsa Lynching of A Hidden Story. Tulsa Race Riot.

The Worse Racial Divide in United States History. On July 3, , the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals entered an order requiring the submission of new plans to be put into effect this fall to accelerate desegregation in 33 Mississippi school districts. I have been asked by Negro plaintiffs in 14 of these school districts to vacate the suspension of the July 3 order. Largely for the reasons set forth below, I feel constrained to deny that relief. Black pointed out that the Brown decision came 15 years before the Alexander case, but that Mississippi and other states had failed to desegregate. He blamed this on the fact that:….

Works Cited Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, U. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, U. Griswold v. Connecticut, U. Novel Guide. References Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Wilson, Clyde. Labor-Capital Conflict of the s Labor-capital confrontations had been long brewing since the dawn of the industrial age and the start of urbanization. As the owners of the means of production amassed capital, wealth became concentrated into the hands of the few. Labor movements emerged both in Europe and in the United States, transforming the political, economic, and social landscapes of nations.

The environment in which labor-capital confrontations developed must therefore be understood within a broader historical context. Market liberalization and globalization led to increased opportunities for labor exploitation, in stalwart industries such as steel and other heavy manufacturing. At the same time, exploitation of workers led to worker unrest, strikes, and protests. As Glen Jeansonne notes, the post-World War period of the s was characterized by overreach and excess: "usinessmen in the s could boast of substantial accomplishments, but business grew overconfident, arrogant. In their zeal and greed the…. Bibliography Jeansonne, Glen. Transformation and Reaction: America, IL: Waveland Press, Owen, Laura.

Unit IV: The media world had advanced a lot near the half of the twentieth century, and this made it possible for African-Americans to be heard through means such as the television, the radio, and the newspaper. The culture and trends promoted by black people no longer seemed to be resentful for the white public. Even if the majority of black people continued to experience financial problems, they did not feel intimidated. They took advantage of every opportunity to express themselves and their artistic abilities. hile racism had not yet become history, its presence could no longer be felt as it was several decades earlier. Racist incidents were rarer and the U. had finally learnt that racism did not pay, and furthermore, that it had been pointless.

Black people succeeded in accomplishing what they had been searching for more than a century. Their illiteracy and the fact that they had…. Works cited: 1. Coleman Dixon Angela, Schoonmaker Christopher T. Coulter Charles E. Kelley Robin D. Encyclopedia of African-American Civil Rights: From Emancipation to the Present, ed. Charles D. Lowery and John F. Marszalek New York: Greenwood Press, ii. The Greenwood neighborhood was literally, an ash heap. ut rebuild they did. The tightness of the community returned -- most say it never left -- and their religious faith kept them going. They returned as well to all of the values, traditions, and morals they held before the riot. With the support of each for their neighbor, slowly, it happened.

Today It became the "New Orleans" of Oklahoma during the 's with its jazz and blues music pumping out of saloons all along the Greenwood thoroughfare. y the s, however, much of the population had moved away and the area became distressed. Urban renewal in the s replaced part of the area with a highway loop. Several blocks of the old neighborhood were saved and became the Greenwood Historical District. A park and cultural center honor the Tulsa Race Riot, and the Chamber of Commerce plans a larger museum to…. Bibliography Childs, R. html accessed September 7, Davis, Kenneth C.

Don't Know Much About History. New York: Harper Collins, Ellsworth, S. Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa race riot of Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, Gates, Eddie Faye. htm accessed September 6, Legislation such as many elements of the U. PATRIOT ACT are problematic because they do not provide adequate controls to ensure that investigative methods and procedures appropriate under some circumstances cannot be used in circumstances where they are inappropriate under U. What is the FISA Court? Explain how it works. What authorities can it grant law enforcement? How is it different from traditional courts? What concerns exist about expanding the use of FISA? The Foreign Intelligence and Surveillance Act of FISA was established to regulate the use of surveillance by the executive branch of government in the wake of various unconstitutional investigations conducted by the Nixon administration in connection with monitoring political rivals and government opposition groups.

The FISA Act authorized the covert monitoring of information and communication exchanges of entities of foreign governments engaged in espionage and intelligence collection activities in the U. Although Friedman claims that the use of religion as a common bond among early Americans is no longer relevant, there are scores of Americans who still believe that the nation is essentially a Christian one. The identity of Tea Party people is inextricably tied into an identity that may seem outmoded to many Americans. Yet to the Tea Party, their identity is more American than any apple pie. Most Americans throughout most of American history considered it perfectly fine to deny half the white population the right to vote on the basis of gender.

Being female was considered a handicap, which systematically denied women the right to be Americans even if they identified with the culture of the United States. Asian men who worked on the railroads in nineteenth century America were not even permitted to start families because their Otherness was too much for the ASP majority. Now, Asians…. Works Cited Alba, Richard. Ethnic Identity. Yale University Press, Friedman, Michael J. html Huntington, Samuel P. Who Are We: The Challenges of America's National Identity. Rorty, Richard. Achieving Our Country. Harvard, Three major industries emerged: cotton, tobacco and iron. It's arguable that the cotton and tobacco industries did not stray far from their antebellum roots; however, the majority of the factories were funded by Northern investors.

No different was the emerging iron and steel industry of the post-Civil War South - by the early s, the factories were owned almost exclusively by the Northern Andrew Carnegie Schultz, Tishler. senators — from Maine to California. In Oregon, a Klan-dominated legislature passed an anti-Catholic school law, later overturned by the U. Supreme Court Pierce v. Society of Sisters, , that required public school attendance. The Klan was deeply involved in politics, but it did not form its own political party. It was generally Democratic in the South and Republican in the North. It had no national platform. The Klan was a major issue at the Democratic Convention and the national election; in the presidential election, when New York Catholic Al Smith was the Democratic candidate, it helped the Republicans win.

The Klan came to town bringing social excitement, Protestant morality, and reform. Prohibition was the great crusade, corrupt political machines were a useful issue, and Catholicism was held up as the leading conspiratorial threat to a Protestant Anglo-Saxon America. However, the Klan always produced opposition and its reputation was soon tarnished. Scandal, corruption and struggles over power and money proved ruinous in every state, and the Roman Catholic threat illusionary. Growing numbers of people came to believe that the Klan was a civic disaster, and it very rapidly declined. In the s, the Klan had no response to the Great Depression, though it lingered, violently, in the Southeast — principally Georgia, Alabama and Florida — as an enemy of blacks and labor unions.

In , James Colescott became Imperial Wizard. An attempted merger with the German-American Bund proved to be a poor public-relations choice. With World War II, gas rationing, and a large bill for back taxes, Colescott formally closed down the Klan. Revived in the Southeast after the war by Atlanta obstetrician Samuel Green, the Klan was strictly working-class and anti-black. Green died of a heart attack in , and the Klan fragmented. It was dangerous, but not going anywhere. Dynamite was its prime weapon. The Supreme Court's ruling that public school segregation was unconstitutional gave the Klan a tremendous boost. When the Civil Rights Movement flowered in the Deep South in the s, the Klan was there to meet it.

Its members enjoyed what initially amounted to general immunity from arrest, prosecution and conviction. Many police officers were members. But the Klan's violence in Alabama and Mississippi, covered prominently by newspapers and television, produced a backlash of its own in the form of a heightened determination and activism among the young, and eventually a vigorous response from the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. The reaction to Klan violence helped produce the Public Accommodations and Voting Civil Rights Laws and turned the reluctant FBI into an effective Klan investigating force.